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Multiprogramming Operating System

In a Multiprogramming Operating System, CPU utilisation is maximised by keeping multiple jobs in main memory simultaneously. If one job is occupied with Input/Output (I/O) operations, the CPU is assigned to another job.

Multiple jobs are organised in the main memory, and the CPU switches between jobs as needed. This approach reduces CPU idle time and increases overall system efficiency.

Multitasking Operating System

In a Multitasking Operating System, multiple tasks share common resources like the CPU and memory. The tasks are loaded into the CPU and executed by switching rapidly among them using a small time quantum. This switching occurs so quickly that users feel they are interacting with all tasks at the same time.

Benefits of Multiprogramming and Multitasking

Higher CPU Utilisation: By allowing the CPU to switch between executing multiple programs or tasks, the system minimises idle time and maximises throughput.
Improved Responsiveness: Users experience better responsiveness as multiple tasks can run concurrently, reducing waiting times and creating a smoother user experience.
Fault Isolation: Programs or tasks run in separate memory spaces, so if one encounters an error or crashes, others remain unaffected, leading to greater reliability and stability.
Efficient Use of Hardware: Sharing hardware resources among multiple programs reduces the need for extra hardware and supports scalability, allowing systems to handle growing workloads efficiently.

Challenges and Limitations

Resource Contention: Multiple programs or tasks may compete for shared resources like CPU, memory, and I/O devices, leading to resource starvation for some programs.
Overhead of Context Switching: The process of saving and restoring the state of a task during a switch consumes CPU cycles and resources. Increased context switching can negatively impact system performance.
Complex Synchronisation: Managing concurrent access to shared resources and maintaining data consistency is difficult. Without proper mechanisms, issues like race conditions and deadlocks can occur.
Scalability Challenges: Managing thousands or millions of concurrent tasks is hard. As systems grow, ensuring performance, reliability, and scalability becomes more complex.

Context Switching

Context Switching is the process of saving the state of a process or thread so that it can be paused and resumed later, allowing the CPU to switch between multiple tasks efficiently. It involves storing and restoring information like CPU registers and memory pointers.

Context switching enables multitasking operating systems to handle multiple tasks concurrently, creating the illusion of simultaneous execution.

Use Cases of Multiprogramming and Multitasking

User Applications: A user can run a word processor while listening to music and downloading files. Each application runs as a