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Java Nested and Inner Class

Nested Classes

A class declared inside another class or interface is called a nested class. You may have multiple levels of nesting, but nesting up to level two is recommended. A nested class can be declared static or non-static. A static nested class is declared using the static modifier. A nested class can also extend another class and can itself be extended.

class Outer { // Outer is the enclosing (outer) class of Nested1 and Nested2
    //..code
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //..code
    }
    class Nested1 { // 1st nested class, enclosing class of Nested2
        //..code
        class Nested2 { // 2nd nested class
            //..code
        } 
        //..code
    } 
    //..code
}

Explanation:

After compilation, three class files are created: Outer.class, Outer$Nested1.class, and Outer$Nested1$Nested2.class.

The JVM is not aware of nesting; it only sees separate compiled classes.

A nested class can be static or non-static.

Inner Classes

A non-static nested class is called an inner class. Inner classes cannot have static members and cannot contain final fields. From an inner class, it is possible to access members of the outer class (including private members) directly.

From the outer class, direct access to the inner class members is not possible, but it can be done using an object of the inner class. Since an inner class is a member of its enclosing class, it can be declared public, private, or protected.

class Outer {
    private String message = "Hello from Outer";

    class Inner {
        void display() {
            System.out.println(message); // Direct access to outer class private member
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)